test: Points - MVSNets | Restore Point Cloud from Depth Map

(Feature image is from: CasMVSNet_pl)

Restoring point cloud: Fuse depth maps of multi-views, and then unproject the depth map to 3D points.

MVSNet-PyTorch

Download pretrained model checkpoint

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gdown 1j2I_LNKb9JeCl6wdA7hh8z1WgVQZfLU9 -O ./checkpoints/pretrained/MVSNet-Pytorch_model_000014.ckpt

Download preprocessed testing data of MVSNet

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gdown 135oKPefcPTsdtLRzoDAQtPpHuoIrpRI_ -O /data2/zichen/MVSNet_testing_dtu.zip
unzip /data2/zichen/MVSNet_testing_dtu.zip -d /data2/zichen/MVSNet_testing

Modify data paths in eval.sh, and uncomment the line#302: save_depth() in “eval.py” to generate depth map first. And then run the script: ./eval.sh.

This program requires 15GB VRAM. so 1080Ti can’t run it.
- The resolution of the test images (3x1184x1600; Feat map: 32x296x400) is too high to be processed by 1080Ti with 11 GB VRAM.
  
  When processing the 2nd source view, OOM occurs at:
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  warped_src_fea = F.grid_sample( src_fea, grid.view(batch, num_depth * height, width, 2), mode='bilinear', padding_mode='zeros')
- (2024-02-23) If executing the eval.py with the training images, the Dataset data_yao_eval may be mismatched with the training data folder.
Visualization: “outputs/mvsnet001_l3.ply”

There are noise point around the round edge of the bowl.

Use Matlab to compute the quantitative Metrics:

The DTU dataset (“DTU_SampleSet.zip”) provides the “Matlab evaluation code/” to assess the quality of point clouds.

Based on the SampleSet directory structure:

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(base) yi@yi:~$ tree /mnt/data2_zichen/SampleSet/ -d -L 2
/mnt/data2_zichen/SampleSet/
├── Matlab evaluation code
│   └── MeshSupSamp_web
└── MVS Data
    ├── Calibration
    ├── Cleaned
    ├── ObsMask  # 3D parts used for evaluation
    ├── Points   # ground truth point clouds for each scan
    ├── Rectified
    └── Surfaces # Poisson reconstruction

To evaluate point clouds of all scans, the folder “Points” needs to be replaced with the full version “Points/”.

Create a symbolic link Points in SampleSet/MVS Data for the folder Points/:
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ln -s Points/ SampleSet/MVS\ Data/Points # Or: ln -s Points/ SampleSet/MVS\ Data/

Modify the paths and specify the scan to be evaluated in the matlab code:

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% ground-truth data:
dataPath='/mnt/data2_zichen/SampleSet/MVS Data';
% the dir storing testing .ply files:
plyPath='/mnt/Server/Downloads/MVSNet_pytorch-comments/outputs/pretrained';
% .mat fill will be saved here:
resultsPath='/mnt/Server/Downloads/MVSNet_pytorch-comments/outputs/pretrained';
- - -
UsedSets=[1]

Run BaseEvalMain_web in matlab:

Output

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>>> BaseEvalMain_web
cSet =
     1
DataInName =
    '/mnt/Server/Downloads/MVSNet_pytorch-comments/outputs/pretrained/mvsnet001_l3.ply'
EvalName =
    '/mnt/Server/Downloads/MVSNet_pytorch-comments/outputs/pretrainedmvsnet_Eval_1.mat'
/mnt/Server/Downloads/MVSNet_pytorch-comments/outputs/pretrained/mvsnet001_l3.ply
ans =
    19    14
Elapsed time is 58.298360 seconds.
downsample factor: 1.6901
Elapsed time is 18.930595 seconds.
Computing Data 2 Stl distances
Elapsed time is 83.304838 seconds.
Computing Stl 2 Data distances
Distances computed
Elapsed time is 42.517009 seconds.
Saving results
Elapsed time is 42.864935 seconds.
Elapsed time is 52.741538 seconds.
ans =
    19    18
mean/median Data (acc.) 0.254528/0.180807
mean/median Stl (comp.) 0.254594/0.218734

The samller the values, the better.

CasMVSNet-pl

(2024-02-23)

Source code: CasMVSNet_pl - AIkui

Environment

Depth_raw:

The MVSNeRF inherited some codes of this repo, thus, in mvsnerf’s training dataset, the directory “Depths/” under “mvs_training/dtu/” is also replaced with the folder “Depths/” unzipped from “Depth_raw.zip”

Create environment:

(2024-04-04)

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conda create -n casmvsnet_pl python=3.8
conda activate casmvsnet_pl
pip install torch==1.12.0+cu116 torchvision==0.13.0+cu116 --extra-index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu116
pip install -r requirements.txt

Python version: Environment casmvsnet_pl requires python 3.7 for pytorch 1.4.0, and the packages listed in requirements.txt. If using python 3.10, the available pytorch version is higher than 1.11.

(2024-04-07)

Env on Ubuntu 22.04 ctk-11.6 in China:

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conda create -n casmvsnet_pl python=3.8
# pip always breaks when downloading torch.
conda install pytorch==1.12.0 torchvision==0.13.0 cudatoolkit=11.6 -c pytorch -c conda-forge
pip install -r requirements.txt # comment torch entries

I cannot compile inplace-abn via pip with erros:

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/home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/lib/python3.8/site-packages/torch/utils/cpp_extension.py:820: UserWarning: There are no g++ version bounds defined for CUDA version 11.6
  warnings.warn(f'There are no {compiler_name} version bounds defined for CUDA version {cuda_str_version}')
building 'inplace_abn._backend' extension
gcc -pthread -B /home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/compiler_compat -Wl,--sysroot=/ -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -fPIC -DWITH_CUDA=1 -I/home/zichen/Downloads/inplace_abn/include -I/home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/lib/python3.8/site-packages/torch/include -I/home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/lib/python3.8/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -I/home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/lib/python3.8/site-packages/torch/include/TH -I/home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/lib/python3.8/site-packages/torch/include/THC -I/usr/local/cuda-11.6/include -I/home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/include/python3.8 -c src/inplace_abn.cpp -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-38/src/inplace_abn.o -O3 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -DPYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE=\"_gcc\" -DPYBIND11_STDLIB=\"_libstdcpp\" -DPYBIND11_BUILD_ABI=\"_cxxabi1013\" -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=_backend -D_GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI=0 -std=c++14
cc1plus: warning: command-line option ‘-Wstrict-prototypes’ is valid for C/ObjC but not for C++
gcc -pthread -B /home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/compiler_compat -Wl,--sysroot=/ -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -fPIC -DWITH_CUDA=1 -I/home/zichen/Downloads/inplace_abn/include -I/home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/lib/python3.8/site-packages/torch/include -I/home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/lib/python3.8/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -I/home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/lib/python3.8/site-packages/torch/include/TH -I/home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/lib/python3.8/site-packages/torch/include/THC -I/usr/local/cuda-11.6/include -I/home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/include/python3.8 -c src/inplace_abn_cpu.cpp -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-38/src/inplace_abn_cpu.o -O3 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -DPYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE=\"_gcc\" -DPYBIND11_STDLIB=\"_libstdcpp\" -DPYBIND11_BUILD_ABI=\"_cxxabi1013\" -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=_backend -D_GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI=0 -std=c++14
cc1plus: warning: command-line option ‘-Wstrict-prototypes’ is valid for C/ObjC but not for C++
/usr/local/cuda-11.6/bin/nvcc -DWITH_CUDA=1 -I/home/zichen/Downloads/inplace_abn/include -I/home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/lib/python3.8/site-packages/torch/include -I/home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/lib/python3.8/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -I/home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/lib/python3.8/site-packages/torch/include/TH -I/home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/lib/python3.8/site-packages/torch/include/THC -I/usr/local/cuda-11.6/include -I/home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/include/python3.8 -c src/inplace_abn_cuda.cu -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-38/src/inplace_abn_cuda.o -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr --compiler-options '-fPIC' -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -DPYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE=\"_gcc\" -DPYBIND11_STDLIB=\"_libstdcpp\" -DPYBIND11_BUILD_ABI=\"_cxxabi1013\" -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=_backend -D_GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI=0 -gencode=arch=compute_86,code=compute_86 -gencode=arch=compute_86,code=sm_86 -std=c++14

/home/zichen/anaconda3/envs/casmvsnet_pl/lib/python3.8/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/SymInt.h(84): warning #68-D: integer conversion resulted in a change of sign

     /usr/include/c++/11/bits/std_function.h:435:145: error: parameter packs not expanded with ‘...’:
       435 |         function(_Functor&& __f)
           |                                                                                                                                                 ^
     /usr/include/c++/11/bits/std_function.h:435:145: note:         ‘_ArgTypes’
     /usr/include/c++/11/bits/std_function.h:530:146: error: parameter packs not expanded with ‘...’:
       530 |         operator=(_Functor&& __f)
           |                                                                                                                                                  ^
     /usr/include/c++/11/bits/std_function.h:530:146: note:         ‘_ArgTypes’
     error: command '/usr/local/cuda-11.6/bin/nvcc' failed with exit code 1

Then, I tried to install it through compiling the source code. Unfortunately, the same error ocurred.

I compiled the source code on Ubuntu 20.04 and ctk-11.6 (I had created a same conda env using the above 2 lines. When using the pip install manner, it will find the previous cache of the inplace-abn package on the machine.). Superisingly, the compilation suceeded.

The crucial difference between the 2 trials could be the gcc version gcc --version. Their return values are:

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gcc (Ubuntu 9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.2) 9.4.0

gcc (Ubuntu 11.4.0-1ubuntu1~22.04) 11.4.0

After I changed to gcc-9 on Ubuntu 22.04, the compilation for inplace-abn succeeded.

I was reminded to check gcc due to ChatGPT’s response (prompted with the above error), and the issuse CUDA version (12.1) #232 and this issue asked gcc: failed install #143
There is another solution: inplace_abn安装报错？来看看这篇避坑指南吧！ But I didn’t try it.

How to change gcc version:

Ref: How to switch between multiple GCC and G++ compiler versions on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy Jellyfish

There are multiple gcc versions under /usr/bin/.

But, they didn’t show up:

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(casmvsnet_pl_) z@homepc:~/Downloads/inplace_abn$ update-alternatives --list gcc
update-alternatives: error: no alternatives for gcc

Install GCC 9: sudo apt-get install gcc-9 g++-9.

It’s said the 2 lines below are creating list for multiple gcc and g++:

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sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-9 9
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-9 9

But once I exectuted them, the gcc --version has changed to gcc 9.5.0

The gcc and g++ will revert to 11.4 by executing:

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sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-11 11
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-11 11

(2024-05-13)

Install gcc-7

I want to use gcc-7 to compile PCL. I installed g++-7 as below, and specify it as default:

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sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test
sudo apt update && apt install g++-7 -y
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-7 60 --slave /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-7

However, an error prompted when install g++-9, because it can't be master

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(base) yi@Alien:~$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-9 9
(base) yi@Alien:~$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-9 9
update-alternatives: error: alternative g++ can't be master: it is a slave of gcc

So, I use a one-line command similar to the above gcc-7:

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(base) yi@Alien:~$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-9 9 --slave /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-9

(Ref: Update gcc alternatives in Ubuntu 18.04 - g++ cannot be slave of gcc)

Later, the versions can be chosen from a list:

sudo update-alternatives --config gcc

Not found GPU:

Although the Pytorch 1.4.0 (installed with pip) was compiled with cuda 10.1 (download), the cudatoolkit (nvcc -V) on the PATH is not neccessary to match the cuda version.

For example, with using the same conda environemnt, Alien-PC (Ubuntu 20.04) using cuda-11.6 and the lambda server (Ubuntu 18.04) using cuda-10.2 both can detect GPU and run.

The error: torch.cuda.is_available() returns Falsehere is not due to cuda, but my debug settings!!! Fuck!! the environment variable CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES in launch.json was set to 6 for server, which should be 0 on my PC.

(2024-04-13)

Create an environment again on Lambda server: Ubuntu 18.04, cudatoolkit 11.6 (nvcc -V), and gcc, g++ both are 7.5.0 (gcc -v)

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(casmvsnet_pl_py38) z@lambda-server:~/Downloads/CasMVSNet_pl-comments$ g++ -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=g++
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/7/lto-wrapper
OFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none
OFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1
Target: x86_64-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu 7.5.0-3ubuntu1~18.04' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-7/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,go,brig,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --prefix=/usr --with-gcc-major-version-only --program-suffix=-7 --program-prefix=x86_64-linux-gnu- --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --enable-bootstrap --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-unique-object --disable-vtable-verify --enable-libmpx --enable-plugin --enable-default-pie --with-system-zlib --with-target-system-zlib --enable-objc-gc=auto --enable-multiarch --disable-werror --with-arch-32=i686 --with-abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --enable-multilib --with-tune=generic --enable-offload-targets=nvptx-none --without-cuda-driver --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
gcc version 7.5.0 (Ubuntu 7.5.0-3ubuntu1~18.04) 

The pytorch is not install separately, just using the requirements.txt as below. Git commit

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conda create -n casmvsnet_pl_py38 python=3.8
conda activate casmvsnet_pl_py38
pip install -r requirements.txt

Evaluation

Evaluation and Depth Map Fusion: evalutions/

Download pretrained model checkpoint

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mkdir -p ckpts
wget https://github.com/kwea123/CasMVSNet_pl/releases/download/v1.0/exp2.zip -P ckpts/
unzip ckpts/exp2.zip -d ckpts/
wget https://github.com/kwea123/CasMVSNet_pl/releases/download/v1.0/_ckpt_epoch_10.ckpt -P ckpts/exp2

Specify testing data

I only left scan9 in “lists/test.txt” for a quick peek.

The code has some path templates that don’t match the DTU testing data directory structure.

Code Modifications

File: datasets/dtu.py, build_metas() (line #40-42):

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pair_file = "pair.txt"   # Make 49 * 22 testing pairs
for scan in self.scans:  # add `scan` into path
  with open(os.path.join(self.root_dir, scan, pair_file)) as f:

File: datasets/dtu.py, build_proj_mats (Line #58-59):

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# all scans have the same cams, so hardcard 'scan1' here:
proj_mat_filename = os.path.join(self.root_dir, 'scan1',
                    f'cams/{vid:08d}_cam.txt')

File: datasets/dtu.py, __getitem__() (Line #165-166):

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# Add `scan` into path:
img_filename = os.path.join(self.root_dir, scan,
                f'images/{vid:08d}.jpg')

File: eval.py, read_image() (line #87):

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if dataset_name == 'dtu':
  return cv2.imread(os.path.join(root_dir, scan, f'images/{vid:08d}.jpg'))

File: eval.py, (Line #352): set name format to align the matlab code (of the MVSNet_pytorch).

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PlyData([el]).write(f'{point_dir}/scan{int(scan[4:]):03d}_l3.ply')

Execute eval.py. (1080Ti is okay.)

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CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=5 python eval.py --root_dir /data2/zichen/MVSNet_testing/dtu

Visualization:

Import the result point cloud “results/dtu/points/scan9.ply” into MeshLab:

casmvsnet mvsnet
- Some floaters will be exposed when looking at the point cloud from novel views.
- CasMVSNet-pl has less noise points than MVSNet-pytorch.


casmvsnet	mvsnet

Modify the paths in “BaseEvalMain_web.m” (of the MVSNet_pytorch):

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dataPath='/mnt/data2_zichen/SampleSet/MVS Data'; % GT
plyPath='/mnt/Server/Downloads/CasMVSNet_pl/results/dtu/points'; % pred
resultsPath='/mnt/Server/Downloads/CasMVSNet_pl/results'; % store .mat
method_string='scan';
- - -
UsedSets=[9]

Output for scan9

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cSet =
     9
DataInName =
    '/mnt/Server/Downloads/CasMVSNet_pl/results/dtu/points/scan009_l3.ply'
EvalName =
    '/mnt/Server/Downloads/CasMVSNet_pl/resultsscan_Eval_9.mat'
/mnt/Server/Downloads/CasMVSNet_pl/results/dtu/points/scan009_l3.ply
ans =
     0    35
Elapsed time is 412.622045 seconds.
downsample factor: 5.5621
Elapsed time is 285.285496 seconds.
Computing Data 2 Stl distances
Elapsed time is 101.764399 seconds.
Computing Stl 2 Data distances
Distances computed
Elapsed time is 106.225475 seconds.
Saving results
Elapsed time is 106.982512 seconds.
Elapsed time is 126.089258 seconds.
ans =
     0    52
mean/median Data (acc.) 0.357586/0.229884
mean/median Stl (comp.) 0.304593/0.177679

Evaluate point clouds of all testing scans with matlab and save outputs into write.txt for calculating the average performance:

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import re
import numpy as np

means_acc = []
means_comp = []
with open("/mnt/Server/Downloads/MVSNet_pytorch-comments/evaluations/dtu/write.txt", "r") as file:
    for line in file.readlines():
        if 'acc.' in line:
            means_acc.append( eval(re.findall('\d+\.\d+|\d+',line)[0]) )
        elif 'comp.' in line: 
            means_comp.append( eval(re.findall('\d+\.\d+|\d+',line)[0]) )
print(np.mean(means_acc), np.mean(means_comp))

Output: 0.36399536, 0.36997940

Results of every scan.

scans	accuracy	Completness	num pts
1	0.235012/0.177113	0.219228/0.176128	29.40M
4	0.267118/0.198705	0.376820/0.192314	23.06M
9	0.312725/0.196551	0.204539/0.169905	25.38M
10	23.63M
11	19.57M
12	21.47M
13	22.35M
15	26.06M
23	29.97M
24	24.95M
29	19.67M
32	22.06M
33	16.67M
34	28.18M
48	15.82M
49	19.90M
62	22.97M
75	18.60M
77	7.46 M
110	27.34M
114	0.223317/0.169992	0.249666/0.178679	31.52M
118	0.243320/0.183991	0.403758/0.195397	30.18M
avg 22

(2024-04-03)

Visualization for scan1:
- The aliasing: Moiré pattern (摩尔纹) resulted from insufficient sampling frequency is wave interference (波的干涉).

Eval LLFF Data

(2024-04-15)

Convert LLFF dataset to the format of MVSNet.

Use Colmap to solve the LLFF images: Colmap Tutorial; Ytb (The camera poses in NeRF are also recovered by Colmap with imgs2poses), and then use the script colmap2mvsnet.py provided by MVSNet to obtain matched format.

Eavl T&T

(2024-05-25)

Dataset: Tanks and Temples

The F-score of the testing sets (without GT published) should be evaluated by submitting the point cloud (.ply) to their webpage. (Github)
- From the leaderboard, the results of MVSNet and casmvsnet_pl can be found there.
- 3DGS shows the PSNR, rather than F-score.
The training sets have GT provided.
MVSNet Sec5.2 evaluates its f-score on the intermediate set (Family, Francis, Horse, Lighthouse, M60, Panther, Playground, Train) of T&T.
- The intermediate.zip only contains .mp4 videos.
- N = 5, W = 1920, H = 1056 and D = 256
- MVSNet 418 43.48 N.A. 55.99 28.55 25.07 50.79 53.96 50.86 47.9 34.69
CasMVSNet_pl is tested on T&T with the default parameter in eval.py.
- CasMVSNet_pl 296.25 55.09 N.A. 76.4 52.83 49.08 49.72 56.24 51.99 53.87 50.63
Point-MVSNet 390.50 48.27 N.A. 61.79 41.15 34.20 50.79 51.97 50.85 52.38 43.06 didn’t exhibit the T&T results in their paper.

Depth map fusion

(2024-03-06)

Code-CasMVSNet_pl

\begin{algorithm}
\caption{Depth map fusion}
\begin{algorithmic}
\FOR{view=1 \TO 49}
    \STATE Read reference image
    \FOR{src=1 \TO 10}
    \STATE Warp src depth map to be seen from the ref view
    \STATE Reproject the warped dMap\_src onto dMap\_ref
    \IF {Pixel diff < 1 pix \AND depth error < 0.01}
    \STATE mask\_geo = 1
    \ENDIF
    \ENDFOR
    \STATE Average reprojected ref depth maps and images
    \STATE Unproject the mean ref depth map to point cloud in world space
\ENDFOR
\STATE Output 49 point clouds
\end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm}

Procedure description refer to paper MVSNet sec 4.2

(2024-05-16)

As long the predicted depth is accurate, warping the source view based on the homography will result in the same scale as the ref view.

Therefore, the same pixel coordinate on the warped src image and the ref image correspond to a same 3D point. In other words, the warped src view and the ref view can overlap.

Warping is done by sampling pixels from the source depth map according to the homography from the ref view to a src view.

The fused depth map of a ref view is the average of refined depth maps after applying the photometric and geometric constraints on each pair of the ref and a src view

Apply the final mask on the depth_est_averaged, then unproject pixels on dpeth map to world space.

Because there are 49 views for a scan, the output .ply file is a combination of 49 point clouds.

CasMVSNet depth map fusion process:

Plotting code snippet

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import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2,3,figsize=(9,5),dpi=200)
plt.tight_layout()
image_ref = np.load("./image_ref.npy")
axes[0][0].imshow(image_ref)
axes[0][0].set_title("image_ref: scan_1 view0")

With substituing the predicted depth into homography, the warped source image aligns with the reference image pretty much.
Seen from the valid-depth mask, some highlight spots are missed.

CasMVSNet-pl averaged the color of 10 source views that have performed homography transformation. (desc)

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image_refined_ = \
  np.sum(image_src2refs, 0)/np.expand_dims((mask_geo_sum+1), -1)

Whereas, MVSNet-pytorch only casts the color of the refernce view.

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color = ref_img[1:-16:4, 1::4, :][valid_points]  # hardcoded for DTU dataset